KernelHowto

How to install a custom Linux kernel
如何安装定制linux内核

1. How to install a custom Linux kernel
如何安装定制Linux内核

1. Preparation
准备

2. Obtaining the Source
获取源代码

3. Unpacking the Source
源代码解包

4. Configuring the kernel
配置内核

5. Building your kernel
创建内核
1. make-kpkg

2. --append-to-version

3. --revision

4. Kernel package names
内核包名

5. fakeroot

6. Making the kernel image
生成内核映像

6. Installing the kernel-image package
安装内核映像包

7. Wrapping it all up
打包完工

1. Hold that kernel!
保持。。。

2. Removing the symlink
删除symlink

3. Backing up your kernel
备份你的内核

4. Making a new boot diskette
制作新引导盘

5. Building your next kernel
创建你的下一版内核

6. Using an existing configuration
使用原有配置

8. Checklist
检查列表

9. Outside Links
其他链接

The Linux kernel is the heart of your Ubuntu Operating System. The kernel that comes with Ubuntu should contain all of the drivers you need, but just in case you would like to tweak your kernel or if for some reason you need to recompile for some special reason this guide will help you.
Linux内核是Ubuntu操作系统的心脏。Ubuntu自带的内核通常包含你所需要的所有驱动程序，但有时你希望调整你的内核或如果由于某些特别原因你需要重新编译，本手册将帮助你。

A less detailed document that shows essentially the same steps as this one can be found in the KernelCompileHowto.
象这个不太详尽的文档事实上可以在KernelCompileHowto找到。

Preparation
准备

You will need the build-essential fakeroot and kernel-package packages, to build a kernel.
要创建内核，你需要buile-essential、fakeroot和kernel-package。


Kernels are built in the /usr/src/ directory. To work there, add yourself to the src group.
内核创建工作在/usr/src/目录进行，为此，添加src组


Log out and log back in, or use su to log in again:
注销并重新登录,或使用su再登录（切换用户）：


Will list all the groups you are in, src should be one of them.
会列出所有组名，src是其中之一。


Obtaining the Source
获取源代码

Find the kernel source you want with
你可以用下面的办法搜索内核源代码


Choose the kernel source of your liking.
选择你想要的内核源代码

*/!\ Question: The kernel source is sometimes called kernel-source-2.6.5 etc and sometimes linux-source-2.6.8.1. Why?
*/!\ 问题：内核原代码有时叫kernel-source-2.6.5等，而有时又叫linux-source-2.6.8.1，为什么？

kernel-source comes from Debian, linux-source comes from Ubuntu. Use linux-source if at all possible. All the dependencies haven't been changed over yet, though, so if you get warnings about "uninstalled package kernel-source" even though linux-source is installed, you can safely ignore them. -- Bronson
kernel-source来自于Debian，linux-source来自Ubuntu。如果可能请尽量使用linux-source。All the dependencies haven't been changed over yet，虽然如此，如果你通过linux-source得到像"uninstalled package kernel-source"（反安装内核源码包）的错误警告，你可以安全地忽略他们--Bronson.


Download the kernel source using the following command.
使用下列命令下载内核源代码：

{i} it might suggest installing the packages libncurses-dev and libqt3-dev, the first one is needed for menuconfig, the second for xconfig, install at least one of them (see further below).
建议安装libncurese-dev和libqt3-dev包，第一个是menuconfig所需要的，第二个用于xconfig，安装他们中的一个是很小的（见下面的内容）

It will download and place the source in /usr/src
下载并放源代码至/usr/src

Unpacking the Source
源代码解包

I will use the 2.6.8.1 kernel as an example since this is the latest kernel Ubuntu ships at the moment of writing.
我将使用UBuntu服务器上的最新的2.6.8.1内核为例来写说明

If you see a link called linux to an older kernel source remove it.
如果你看到一个指向较老内核源代码的linux链接，请删除它。


/!\ do not unpack your kernel if the link is still there. If your new source gets extracted in your old kernel source directory, building will not be successful.
如果原来的linux链接仍保存在这里的话不要解包。因为如果你的新源代码直接解包至旧内核原代码目录中，创建工作将不会成功。

and extract the archive with
解开压缩包用：


/!\ Do not do this with sudo, it is not necessary.
/!\不要使用sudo，这里并不需要。

{i} If the source is a .bz2 use tar jxvf, if it is a .gz use tar zxvf
{i}如果源代码是.bz2格式，使用tar jxvf，如果是.gz则用tar zxvf

This should create a directory called linux-source-2.6.8.1 owned by you and the src group.
这里应该会以你和src组名义创建一个叫linux-source-2.6.8.1的目录。

Create a link called linux to the kernel source
创建一个叫linux的内核源代码链接


Check if it's all in place. You should see something like:
在当前位置查看一下，你将看到象这样的情况：


Configuring the kernel
配置内核

There are several ways to configure the kernel. You will probably use "xconfig". Once you've changed to the /usr/src/linux directory, start it like this:
有几种方法来配置内核。你将可能使用"xconfig"。改变当前目录至/usr/src/linux目录，象这样启动：


If you are not using X, or don't want to use your mouse:
如果你未使用X，或你不想使用鼠标：


/!\ Warning: you need to ensure that, at a minimum, your bus, disk, and root filesystem drivers are statically compiled into your kernel. Otherwise, your new kernel image won't boot. See the KernelBuildpackageHowto for a technique that doesn't require reconfiguring the kernel.
警告：至少，你必须确认将你所用的总线（bus)、磁盘(disk)、根分区文件系统(root filesystem)驱动程序直接编译进你的内核。否则，你的新内核映像将无法启动。查看 KernelBuildpackageHowto 来获得无需重新配置内核的方法。

Building your kernel
创建内核

make-kpkg

To build the kernel you'll invoke "make-kpkg", a script which automates and replaces the sequence "make dep; make clean; make bzImage; make modules". Take a few minutes and read over the manual page for make-kpkg. The make-kpkg command line can be complex and at first intimidating. Its basic syntax is
创建内核你要用到"make-kpkg"，脚本会自动替换这个命令系列"make dep; make clean; make bzImage; make modules"。花点时间阅读手册中make-kpkg部分。make-kpkg命令行可能有些复杂而首次使用会被吓倒。它的基本语法是：



Your target will be "kernel_image". Let's examine two of the more important and common options, "--append-to-version" and "--revision".
你的目标target将成为"kernel_image"。让我们以较为重要而通用的两个选项(options)进行探讨，"--append-to-version"和"--revision".

--append-to-version

The first option lets you specify an addition to the kernel version, which then becomes part of the kernel's name. You may use alphanumeric characters, "+" and "." (period or full stop); do not use underscore "_".
第一个选项让你添加特别项至内核版本号中，它会成为内核名的一部分。你可以使用字母，"+"和"."（小数点或句号）；但不能使用下划线"_"。

Here's the kernel I'm running now:
这个是当前运行的内核：



/!\ You should avoid using --append-to-version values such as "-686", "-K7", and "-sparc". They are commonly used for Debian pre-compiled kernels.
/!\你使用--append-to-version时要避免使用象"-686","-k7"和"-sparc"的字串，因为它们常常在Debian预编译内核中被使用。

Kernel modules live in subdirectories of /lib/modules; each kernel has its own subdirectory. Every time you install a kernel image with a new name, the package installer creates a new subdirectory of /lib/modules to hold its modules.
内核模块放在/lib/modules子目录中；每个内核都有它自己的子目录。你每次安装新命名的内核映像，包安装器会创建一个象/lib/modules的新子目录来存放它的模块。

This means that by using a new value for --append-to-version each time you build a kernel image, you can ensure that the new kernel will have a new name, and that its modules won't conflict with those of other kernels.
这就意味着你每次用--append-to-version创建内核映像名，你可以使新内核有一个新名字，从而使它的模块不会与其他内核产生冲突。

/!\ If you install a kernel with the same name (the same version and --append-to-version) as an already-installed kernel, installing the new kernel package will overwrite the old kernel and its modules. You will be warned and offered the chance to abort. Take it. Use another value for --append-to-version and rebuild.
/!\如果你用与已安装的内核相同的名称安装内核（相同的版本号和 --append-to-version），安装新内核的包将覆盖旧内核和它的模块。这时你将被警告并被建议退出退出。退出，用另一个append-to-version值来重建内核吧。

--revision

Another make-kpkg option is "--revision", which affects the name of the Debian package itself but not the kernel name. As with --append-to-version, you may use only alphanumeric characters, "+" and ".". Do not use underscores "_". If you do not supply a value for --revision, make-kpkg will use "10.00.Custom".
另一个make-kpkg选项是"--revision"，它会指定Debian的名字打包而不是内核名。如用--append-to-version，你只能使用字母，"+"和"."，而不能使用线"_"。如果你不提供--revision值，make-kpkg将使用"10.00.Custom"。

Using different values of --revision will not prevent conflicts between kernels with the same name. They are just for you to see the difference, for example recompiling the same kernel with a very small change.
使用不同的--revision值将无法避免用相同内核名产生的冲突。他们只是让你看起来不同，比如重新编译变化很小的相同内核。

Kernel package names
内核包名
Debian kernel-image file names have the form
Debian内核映像文件名如：
kernel-image-(kernel-version)(--append-to-version)_(--revision)_(architecture).deb

The package name is everything before the first underscore.
在第一个下划线之前所有字符就是内核包名



Now you can see why underscores are not allowed in make-kpkg options — they separate the elements of package names.
现在你就能明白为什么下划线是不允许在make-kpkg选项中出现了--他们隔开包名的各部分。

I recommend using a different --append-to-version value for each kernel you compile, and letting make-kpkg assign the default revision. Date-based values work for me, but you are free to invent your own scheme.
我建议你为每个编译的内核使用不同的--append-to-version值，并让make-kpkg指定缺省的revision值。Date-based值对我有用，但你可以根据自己的计划自由设定。

{i} Please read /usr/share/doc/kernel-package/README.gz if --append-to-version or --revision is unclear, or if you plan on using options different from the ones I suggest. (One way to do this is "zless README.gz".) Ignore the discussions of flavours and epochs until you are more familiar with make-kpkg and with Debian packages generally; they are not likely to be useful to you now.
如果--append-to-version或--revision值未被清除，或如果你希望使用与我建议的选项不同，请阅读/usr/share/doc/kernel-package/README.gz。（可以这样做到:"zless README.gz"）暂时不要去对flavours和epochs进行探讨，直到你用make-kpkg和Debian包更加熟悉；现在它们对你并不十分有用。

fakeroot

When you added yourself to the src group you made it possible to do most kernel-package work with normal user privilege. However the files that are part of a kernel package (like the kernel and kernel modules) will be owned by root and run with root privilege; they must be created with root privilege.
当你已添加你自己到src组，使用正常用户的权限就能做好创建内核包的大多数工作。然而内核包的部分（象内核和内核模块）文件将赋予root并使用root权限运行；它们必须用root权限来创建。

Using fakeroot you can start make-kpkg as a normal user, and most of the job will be run with normal permissions. Near the end of the job, fakeroot will simulate a root environment to create the kernel-image package.
使用fakeroot，你可以用普通用户来启动make-kpkg，并且大多数工作将运行于普通权限。工作接近尾声时，fakeroot将模拟一个root环境来创建内核映像包。

The manual page for make-kpkg describes one way to use fakeroot; we will use the simpler method of putting "fakeroot" at the beginning of the make-kpkg command line, like this:
手册中有关make-kpkg的部分描述了使用fakeroot的一种方法；我们将使用make-kpkg命令行开始处输入"fakeroot"的较简单的方法来做，象这样：

fakeroot make-kpkg <options> <target>

Making the kernel image
制作内核映像

Finally! The time has arrived — you're ready to make the kernel image.
最后！马上就要完工了--你准备制作一内核映像。



Then do:
然后：



Now all you can do is wait for the computer to finish. Take a few minutes off and enjoy yourself while the computer does its fair share of the work.
现在你所要做的就是等计算机来完成了。在计算机完美的工作中让我们轻松片刻吧。

Installing the kernel-image package
安装内核映像包

Once the kernel image is built you will install the kernel-image package, which includes the kernel and its modules. First check to make sure it was built successfully by changing to the /usr/src directory and listing its contents:
一旦内核映像被创建，你就可以安装内核映像包了，它包含内核和内核模块。首先退回/usr/src目录并列出里面的内容，来检测并确认它被成功创建。
There it is! Notice how the --append-to-version value became part of the kernel name.
有了！注意--append-to-version值是如何成为内核名的一部分的。

To install the kernel and all its modules:
安装内核和所有的内核模块：


To install a kernel-image package from disk (as opposed to installing from a Debian archive) use the full file name. You can use tab for command-line-completion.
从磁盘安装内核映像包（象对应地从Debian包文件安装）要使用完整的文件名。你可以使用tab键来补齐命令行。

If everything went well, all you need to do now is reboot. If your new kernel doesn't boot, boot your previous kernel or insert your boot floppy and restart. Go back to Configuring the kernel, tweak your configuration, and try again.
如果每一步都做得很好，你现在要做的就是重新启动。如果新内核无法启动，则启动你原来的内核或插入你的引导软盘并重新启动。调整你的内核配置，重试。

Wrapping it all up
结束

Hold that kernel!

If you used --append-to-version you shouldn't need to worry about apt-get trying to "upgrade" your kernel. If you're paranoid (it is out to get you) you can make sure by doing this:
如果你已使用--append-to-version，你不需要为apt-get试图"upgrade"你的内核而担心。如果你试图这样，你只要这样：


Of course substitute the real name of your kernel. To refer to a package that dpkg knows about (an installed package or one in an archive's list) use the package name rather than the full file name. Also, the "|" character is made by typing Shift-\. Check that the package really is on hold; if it is you should see:
当然你要用你真实的内核名来代替。查阅dpkg的包以了解有关使用包名比完整的文件名更好。同样，"|"字符输入是\符的上位（Shift）...

/!\ Somebody should write about holding packages, what it does etc.

Removing the symlink
删除符号链接

Next, you should get rid of the symlink you created in the /usr/src directory. There are several reasons for this:
接下来，你要在/usr/src目录创建符号链接。这样做有几个原因：

1.The next time you download a kernel it might not be from a Debian archive. When you expand the source tarball it could overwrite your old source tree right through the old symlink. Bummer.
1.下次你下载一个不是Debian格式的内核包，当你解开这个源代码包时会通过旧符号链接覆盖你的旧源码目录树。这是令人不快的事。

2.The next time you download the kernel source from the Debian archive, you might expand the source into its own tree without problems. But since you already have a symlink called "linux" in the src directory, you might go ahead and compile (forgetting of course that it's linked to your old source tree.)
2.下次你下载Debian格式的内核源代码，你可能解开源代码到它自己的目录树这个没有问题，但你已有一个叫"linux"的符号链接在src目录里的话，你可能进入并编译旧内核（忘了它之前已经链接到一个旧源代码树）。

3.When you download patches or other source code into a specific source tree, you don't want anything else messing with it. By removing the symlink you might prevent #1 from happening.
当你下载补丁或其他源代码到一个特定的源代码树，你不要想做任何事情，则否弄坏它。通过删除符号链接可以防止#1问题的发生。

To remove the link do this:
删除符号链接这样做：


Backing up your kernel
备份你的内核

While not required, it's a good idea to back up your custom kernel .deb. Copy it to a secure undisclosed location.
这并不是必须的，但备份你的定制内核.deb是个好主意，复制它到一个安全之处。

{!} Once your kernel has been packaged with its modules, you can install it on any machine that has the hardware you specified in your kernel configuration. You could even reinstall it on your current machine after reinstalling your system.
一旦你的内核已经与它的模块一起打包，你可以安装它到有你的硬件的其他机器上，它也可以在你重设系统后重新安装到当前机器上。

Making a new boot diskette
制作新引导盘

Create another boot diskette, this one for the kernel you just installed. Grab another floppy — it's not a good idea to overwrite your old boot disk; you haven't been using your new kernel long enough to be sure it works. A boot disk is only necessary if you messed up your system.
你刚安装好内核，要创建另一个引导磁盘。得到另一个软件－－覆盖你的旧引导盘不是个好主意；你还没有足够长的时间使用你的新内核来验证它的工作。如果你弄糟了你的系统，一张引导盘是必须的。

Building your next kernel
创建你的下一个内核

If you want to rebuild your kernel because you just bought a new sound card, or you want to enable a new feature you forgot to include the first time, all you need to do is reconfigure, do "fakeroot make-kpkg clean", and rebuild with a different value for --append-to-version. Your session should look something like this:
如果你因为刚刚买了一块新声卡想重新编译你的内核，或你在第一次编译时忘了某个新功能，你需要做的是重新配置，"fakereoot make-kpkg clean",用不同的--append-to-version值重新编译。看起来象这样：

Using an existing configuration
使用已经存在的配置

When you installed your custom kernel, its configuration was copied to /boot/config-x.y.z. You may want to squirrel it away in another location (or several other locations) for safekeeping or later re-use.
当你安装好你制定的内核，它的配置被复制至/boot/config-x.y.z。你可能为了保险起见或以后还要使用而想保存它至其他地方（或几个地方）。

Suppose that just last week you picked your way through the maze of options, and settled on a configuration that supports all the hardware and features you want. Today a new stable kernel is released and of course you want to upgrade right away. Is it necessary to start from scratch configuring the new kernel? Not at all.
假如刚刚在上周你谨慎地通过了内核选项的迷宫，而又决定你希望支持所有硬件和功能配置，今天一个新的稳定内核被释放和导致你希望升级版本。

Download and expand the new source tarball and make a new symlink. Then change directory to /usr/src/linux, copy your existing configuration there and do "make oldconfig":
下载并解开新源代码包并创建一个新符号链接，然后改变目录至/usr/src/linux，复制你已经存在的配置到这里并"make oldconfig"：

You'll be asked questions about new kernel options. It's generally safe to answer "no" to all the questions; make notes of the new options that interest you.
你将被问及一些新内核选项的有关问题。所有的问题回答"no"它通常是安全的；新选项你应该引起注意。
{i} After you finish oldconfig you can run xconfig or menuconfig to review your selections, change your answers, or investigate the options you noted.
你完成oldconfig之后，你可以运行xconfig或menuconfig来检查你所选择的项目，改变你的答案，或研究你注意的选项。

Build the latest stable kernel with your own configuration.
用你自己的配置创建最新稳定内核

fakeroot make-kpkg clean

Checklist
检查列表

1.Make backup boot diskette.
制作备份引导盘

2.Install required packages.
安装需要的包
1.build-essential fakeroot kernel-package

3.Setup source tree.
设置源代码目录树

1.Add yourself to src. Logout, login. Use groups to confirm.
添加你自己的源代码，注销，登录，使用使用组确认。

2.Remove old symlink.
删除旧符号链接

3.Expand source tarball.
解包源代码压缩包

4.Make and check new symlink.
制作和检查新符号链接。

4.Configure kernel.
配置内核
1.Use old config file if available. cp /boot/config-x.y.z .config
使用旧的有效配置文件，cp /boot/config-x.y.z .config

2.make oldconfig or make xconfig or make menuconfig.
make oldconfig或make xconfig或make menuconfig.

3.Save .config file somewhere else for later use.
保存稍迟需要用到的.config文件

5.Build kernel-image package.
创建内核映像包

1.fakeroot make-kpkg clean

2.fakeroot make-kpkg --append-to-version=alpha+numeric.but.no.underscore kernel_image --initrd binary

6.Install kernel-image package.
安装内核映像包

1.dpkg -i kernel-image-x.y.z.yy.mm.dd_10.00.Custom_i386.deb

2.Reboot.

7.What next?
下一步是什么？

8.Hold your package. echo "kernel-image-x.y.z.yymmdd hold" | dpkg --set-selections

9.Remove symlink.
删除符号链接。

10.Back up kernel image.
备份内核映像。

11.Remove old kernel image packages.
删除旧的内核映像包。

12.Make new boot diskette.
制作新的引导磁盘。

Outside Links
其他链接

Here are some links to other ways of building the kernel.
这里是其他办法创建内核的一些链接
*[WWW] Ben Edwards Article


*[WWW] Debian Kernel 2.6 How To

*{OK} [WWW] Creating custom kernels with Debian's kernel-package system