http://wiki.ubuntu.org.cn/Ubuntu_Dapper_Drake_6.06_Guide
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由于本人时间有限，有兴趣的可以一起翻译，希望能做点贡献：）
——————————————————
Acknowledgements
#致谢
Information in this guide has been taken freely and copied and/or modified in whole and/or in part from the following source(s) as allowed by the GNU Free Documentation License Version 1.2, November 2002.
#本指南内的信息部分/全部来自/修改自如下资源，符合GNU自由文档协议证书中的相关规定（版本1.2,2002年11月）
Unofficial Ubuntu 5.04 Starter Guide by Chua Wen Kiat.
#非官方Ubuntu 5.04新手上手指南，作者：Chua Wen Kiat
Unofficial Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake) Starter Guide by University of Latvia Linux Center Associates.
#非官方Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake) 新手上手指南，作者： 拉脱维亚大学Linux中心社团
Welcome to the Unofficial UbuntuGuide by Richard Harvey and Associates.
#欢迎使用非官方Ubuntu指南，作者：Richard Harvey及其社团
Gentoo Linix Wiki by the wiki contributors.
#Gentoo Linux（Linux是不是错字了？） Wiki，作者：wiki贡献者
Ubuntu Desktop Guide by Ubuntu Documentation Team
#Ubuntu桌面使用指南，作者：Ubuntu文档组
——————————————————
Acknowledgements
#致谢
Information in this guide has been taken freely and copied and/or modified in whole and/or in part from the following source(s) as allowed by the GNU Free Documentation License Version 1.2, November 2002.
#本指南内的信息部分/全部来自/修改自如下资源，符合GNU自由文档协议证书中的相关规定（版本1.2,2002年11月）
Unofficial Ubuntu 5.04 Starter Guide by Chua Wen Kiat.
#非官方Ubuntu 5.04新手上手指南，作者：Chua Wen Kiat
Unofficial Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake) Starter Guide by University of Latvia Linux Center Associates.
#非官方Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake) 新手上手指南，作者： 拉脱维亚大学Linux中心社团
Welcome to the Unofficial UbuntuGuide by Richard Harvey and Associates.
#欢迎使用非官方Ubuntu指南，作者：Richard Harvey及其社团
Gentoo Linix Wiki by the wiki contributors.
#Gentoo Linux（Linux是不是错字了？） Wiki，作者：wiki贡献者
Ubuntu Desktop Guide by Ubuntu Documentation Team
#Ubuntu桌面使用指南，作者：Ubuntu文档组
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How to use this Guide
#如何使用这个指南
1. A Sequence of Menu Selections Will be displayed as follows: File -> Open (Where the -> symbol represents the clicking of the mouse to open a tab or a button.)
#选择菜单将按如下次序显示：文件->打开（”->”符号表示用鼠标点开一个下拉菜单或者点击一个按钮）
2. To open a Terminal: Applications -> Accessories -> Terminal
#打开一个终端：应用程序->附件->终端
3. A bluish box with text inside means to execute commands in the Terminal by the "copy and paste" method.
#淡蓝色文本框内的文字表示可以在终端内以“复制、粘贴”方式执行的命令
4. * Insert the following:
o : Followed by:
#先点插入，之后就会有：
o A bluish box, then edit the described file with the text inside the bluish box.
#一个淡蓝色的文本框，之后可以在文本框内编辑要描述的文件
5. Keyboard Shortcut Combinations will be displayed as follows: Ctrl-N .Where the conventions for “Controlâ€, “Shift,†and “Alternate†keys will be Ctrl, Shift, and Alt, respectively, and shall mean the first key is to be held down while pressing the second key.
#快捷键将按如下方式表示：“Ctrl-N”。“Control”、“Shift”、“Alternate”键将分别被表示为Ctrl、Shift及Alt，并且这样表示意味着你按下第二个键的时候要保持第一个键在按下的状态。
6. Copy and Paste: To reduce typo mistakes, copy and paste the commands into Terminal mode (right click on the commands -> "Copy" or "Paste". You can also use Ctrl+C to copy and Shift+Insert to paste it)
#复制和粘贴：为减少输入错误，使用“复制”和“粘贴”命令在终端执行相应命令（在命令上用鼠标右击，选择“复制”或“粘贴”。您也可以使用Ctrl+C进行复制，并使用Shift+Insert粘贴命令。）
7. "sudo" means superuser do. "sudo" will prompt for "Password:". Please specify user password
#“sudo”命令意味着超级用户执行命令。“sundo”命令输入后将会提示您输入密码（”Password:”），请输入用户密码。
8. If you want more information about any command, simply look at the manual page for it using the "man" command. For example, "man sudo" will display the manual page for the "sudo" command.
#如果您想了解任何一个命令的更多信息，可以使用”man”命令查看操作说明。例如，”man sudo”将会显示”sudo”命令的操作说明。
9. If you are tired of typing "apt-get" all the time, Read #How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic)
#如果您已经厌倦了总是使用”apt-get”命令，阅读一下《如何轻松使用apt-get（Synaptic）》
10. "apt-get" and "wget" requires Internet connection to install/update/download programs
#有internet连接方可使用”apt-get”和”wget”命令安装、更新或下载软件。
11. To download file, right click on the link -> Select "Save Link As..." -> Make sure file name and extension are correct
#需要下载文件时，可以在链接上右键单击，选择“保存为…”，要确保文件名及扩展名称正确。
:: If you are using Kubuntu you need to install Gedit
#如果您使用的是Kubuntu，您需要使用如下命令安装Gedit：
sudo apt-get install gedit
:: Or replace 'gedit' with 'kwrite', for example, instead of writing
#您也可以使用”kwrite”代替”gedit”，比如使用kwrite来写文件
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
:: Write
# 写文件
sudo kwrite /etc/apt/sources.list
:: If you are using 64-bit version replace "i386" with "amd64"
#如果您使用64位版本的系统，将”i386”替换成”amd64”
#如何使用这个指南
1. A Sequence of Menu Selections Will be displayed as follows: File -> Open (Where the -> symbol represents the clicking of the mouse to open a tab or a button.)
#选择菜单将按如下次序显示：文件->打开（”->”符号表示用鼠标点开一个下拉菜单或者点击一个按钮）
2. To open a Terminal: Applications -> Accessories -> Terminal
#打开一个终端：应用程序->附件->终端
3. A bluish box with text inside means to execute commands in the Terminal by the "copy and paste" method.
#淡蓝色文本框内的文字表示可以在终端内以“复制、粘贴”方式执行的命令
4. * Insert the following:
o : Followed by:
#先点插入，之后就会有：
o A bluish box, then edit the described file with the text inside the bluish box.
#一个淡蓝色的文本框，之后可以在文本框内编辑要描述的文件
5. Keyboard Shortcut Combinations will be displayed as follows: Ctrl-N .Where the conventions for “Controlâ€, “Shift,†and “Alternate†keys will be Ctrl, Shift, and Alt, respectively, and shall mean the first key is to be held down while pressing the second key.
#快捷键将按如下方式表示：“Ctrl-N”。“Control”、“Shift”、“Alternate”键将分别被表示为Ctrl、Shift及Alt，并且这样表示意味着你按下第二个键的时候要保持第一个键在按下的状态。
6. Copy and Paste: To reduce typo mistakes, copy and paste the commands into Terminal mode (right click on the commands -> "Copy" or "Paste". You can also use Ctrl+C to copy and Shift+Insert to paste it)
#复制和粘贴：为减少输入错误，使用“复制”和“粘贴”命令在终端执行相应命令（在命令上用鼠标右击，选择“复制”或“粘贴”。您也可以使用Ctrl+C进行复制，并使用Shift+Insert粘贴命令。）
7. "sudo" means superuser do. "sudo" will prompt for "Password:". Please specify user password
#“sudo”命令意味着超级用户执行命令。“sundo”命令输入后将会提示您输入密码（”Password:”），请输入用户密码。
8. If you want more information about any command, simply look at the manual page for it using the "man" command. For example, "man sudo" will display the manual page for the "sudo" command.
#如果您想了解任何一个命令的更多信息，可以使用”man”命令查看操作说明。例如，”man sudo”将会显示”sudo”命令的操作说明。
9. If you are tired of typing "apt-get" all the time, Read #How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic)
#如果您已经厌倦了总是使用”apt-get”命令，阅读一下《如何轻松使用apt-get（Synaptic）》
10. "apt-get" and "wget" requires Internet connection to install/update/download programs
#有internet连接方可使用”apt-get”和”wget”命令安装、更新或下载软件。
11. To download file, right click on the link -> Select "Save Link As..." -> Make sure file name and extension are correct
#需要下载文件时，可以在链接上右键单击，选择“保存为…”，要确保文件名及扩展名称正确。
:: If you are using Kubuntu you need to install Gedit
#如果您使用的是Kubuntu，您需要使用如下命令安装Gedit：
sudo apt-get install gedit
:: Or replace 'gedit' with 'kwrite', for example, instead of writing
#您也可以使用”kwrite”代替”gedit”，比如使用kwrite来写文件
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
:: Write
# 写文件
sudo kwrite /etc/apt/sources.list
:: If you are using 64-bit version replace "i386" with "amd64"
#如果您使用64位版本的系统，将”i386”替换成”amd64”
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Guide Objectives
#指南目标
To produce a guide aimed at the newest version of Ubuntu.
#为最新版本的Ubuntu创立指南
To add the best GFDL content from other guides so that the best material is located in on place.
#从其他指南为本指南添加最好的GFDL内容，使得最好的内容在最合适的位置。
To add command line tutorials aimed at new users.
#为新使用者增加命令行指南
To try to avoid reinventing the wheel. Orginal content will be created only if it can not be found on the internet licensed under GFDL.
#尽量避免重复劳动。新内容仅在网络上GFDL授权范围内寻找不到的情况下才会创立。
To find people that wish to help maintain this guide, or parts of this guide, and to help translate.
#寻找愿意帮助维护本指南或本指南中的一部分的人，以及愿意帮助翻译本指南的人。
To improve the guide format, so the layout is easier to read and more consistant
#不断改进指南的内容格式，使本指南更易于阅读，有更强的一致性。
#指南目标
To produce a guide aimed at the newest version of Ubuntu.
#为最新版本的Ubuntu创立指南
To add the best GFDL content from other guides so that the best material is located in on place.
#从其他指南为本指南添加最好的GFDL内容，使得最好的内容在最合适的位置。
To add command line tutorials aimed at new users.
#为新使用者增加命令行指南
To try to avoid reinventing the wheel. Orginal content will be created only if it can not be found on the internet licensed under GFDL.
#尽量避免重复劳动。新内容仅在网络上GFDL授权范围内寻找不到的情况下才会创立。
To find people that wish to help maintain this guide, or parts of this guide, and to help translate.
#寻找愿意帮助维护本指南或本指南中的一部分的人，以及愿意帮助翻译本指南的人。
To improve the guide format, so the layout is easier to read and more consistant
#不断改进指南的内容格式，使本指南更易于阅读，有更强的一致性。
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Getting Started With Linux
#开始Linux之旅
What is Linux
#Linux是什么？
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
What is a distribution (distro)
#什么是发行版(distro)？
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution
Where to find a list of distros
#在哪可以获得发行版列表？
http://www.distrowatch.com
#开始Linux之旅
What is Linux
#Linux是什么？
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
What is a distribution (distro)
#什么是发行版(distro)？
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution
Where to find a list of distros
#在哪可以获得发行版列表？
http://www.distrowatch.com
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How to Partition a Hard Drive for Linux
#如何在硬盘上为Linux分区
How to choose a partitioner
#如何选择分区软件
Ubuntu Dapper Drake now include a nice graphical installer called Espresso. The partitioner included with Espresso is called Gparted and can be used to partition a harddrive before installation (and even after installation if needed). In fact the user will be given the option to partition their harddrive before installing Ubuntu.
# Ubuntu Dapper Drake已经包含了一个不错的图形界面安装程序Espresso。Espresso内含的分区工具叫做Gparted，这个工具可以在系统安装之前（需要的话也可以在安装之后使用）对硬盘进行分区。事实上在安装Ubuntu之前系统会提示用户分区的相关选项。
Because new versions of Linux are released everyday it is recommended a multi-partition be done. By setting up the Linux Box like this, the working distribution doesn't have to be removed before the next one is setup.
# Linux每天都有新的版本发行，因此我们推荐您设立多个分区。这样在安装下一个版本之前，并不需要删除运行中的发行版。
What are the Linux partition basics
#Linux分区基础知识
Linux sees all types of partitions unlike some other operating systems. First Linux names the hard drive and then Linux names the partition by a number. The first hard drive is hda, the second hard drive is hdb, 3rd is hdc, etc. So the 3rd partition on the 2nd hard drive would be hdb3. Only 4 primary partitions are allowed. To get more partitions one of the primary partitions can be turned into an extended parititon. Then the extended partition can be sub-divided into logical partitions which act just like primary partitions.
#和其他类型的操作系统不同的是，Linux可以读取所有类型的分区。Linux首先给硬盘驱动器起一个名字，然后再给分区编号。第一个硬盘是hda，第二个硬盘是hdb，第三个是hdc，如此类推。所以第二个硬盘上的第三个分区将会是hdb3。系统只允许有4个主分区。如果想要获得更多的分区，主分区中的一个可以被转换为扩展分区。之后扩展分区可以象主分区那样再被分成若干逻辑分区。
What is the "root" partition
#什么是“根”（root）分区
The / partition is called the root partition and is the top directory of Linux. It contains all the files necessary for Linux o/s to run. 5GB is more than enough for most linux distributions.
# / 分区被称为根（root）分区，是Linux所有目录的开始。它包括所有Linux操作系统运行必须的文件。对大部分Linux发行版来说，5GB的空间足够用了。
What is the Linux-Swap partition
#什么是Linux交换（Swap）分区
The Linux-Swap partition is something you generally create once and then forget about. This is an amount of disk space in which Linux temporarily writes data from RAM to free up memory for other processes. The swap partition is different from all others in that it is not used to store files in, so it won't be dealt with in any further detail here.
#Linux交换分区是一些生成一次之后就会被遗忘的东西。Linux用这些磁盘空间来临时存放从RAM写入的数据，这样可以为其他进程释放内存。交换分区和其他所有类型分区的不同在于它并不是用来储存文件的，因此这里不再累述。
#如何在硬盘上为Linux分区
How to choose a partitioner
#如何选择分区软件
Ubuntu Dapper Drake now include a nice graphical installer called Espresso. The partitioner included with Espresso is called Gparted and can be used to partition a harddrive before installation (and even after installation if needed). In fact the user will be given the option to partition their harddrive before installing Ubuntu.
# Ubuntu Dapper Drake已经包含了一个不错的图形界面安装程序Espresso。Espresso内含的分区工具叫做Gparted，这个工具可以在系统安装之前（需要的话也可以在安装之后使用）对硬盘进行分区。事实上在安装Ubuntu之前系统会提示用户分区的相关选项。
Because new versions of Linux are released everyday it is recommended a multi-partition be done. By setting up the Linux Box like this, the working distribution doesn't have to be removed before the next one is setup.
# Linux每天都有新的版本发行，因此我们推荐您设立多个分区。这样在安装下一个版本之前，并不需要删除运行中的发行版。
What are the Linux partition basics
#Linux分区基础知识
Linux sees all types of partitions unlike some other operating systems. First Linux names the hard drive and then Linux names the partition by a number. The first hard drive is hda, the second hard drive is hdb, 3rd is hdc, etc. So the 3rd partition on the 2nd hard drive would be hdb3. Only 4 primary partitions are allowed. To get more partitions one of the primary partitions can be turned into an extended parititon. Then the extended partition can be sub-divided into logical partitions which act just like primary partitions.
#和其他类型的操作系统不同的是，Linux可以读取所有类型的分区。Linux首先给硬盘驱动器起一个名字，然后再给分区编号。第一个硬盘是hda，第二个硬盘是hdb，第三个是hdc，如此类推。所以第二个硬盘上的第三个分区将会是hdb3。系统只允许有4个主分区。如果想要获得更多的分区，主分区中的一个可以被转换为扩展分区。之后扩展分区可以象主分区那样再被分成若干逻辑分区。
What is the "root" partition
#什么是“根”（root）分区
The / partition is called the root partition and is the top directory of Linux. It contains all the files necessary for Linux o/s to run. 5GB is more than enough for most linux distributions.
# / 分区被称为根（root）分区，是Linux所有目录的开始。它包括所有Linux操作系统运行必须的文件。对大部分Linux发行版来说，5GB的空间足够用了。
What is the Linux-Swap partition
#什么是Linux交换（Swap）分区
The Linux-Swap partition is something you generally create once and then forget about. This is an amount of disk space in which Linux temporarily writes data from RAM to free up memory for other processes. The swap partition is different from all others in that it is not used to store files in, so it won't be dealt with in any further detail here.
#Linux交换分区是一些生成一次之后就会被遗忘的东西。Linux用这些磁盘空间来临时存放从RAM写入的数据，这样可以为其他进程释放内存。交换分区和其他所有类型分区的不同在于它并不是用来储存文件的，因此这里不再累述。
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Usually 1-3 X the size of your RAM depending on who you talk to. But it really depends on how much RAM you have, the speed of your computer, and what you are doing on your computer. If you have 256mb Ram it would be safe to make the swap 512mb. If your computer keeps going into swap and using it on a regular bases, then it is probably time to go out and buy some more RAM!!! I have 1GB Ram and my computer never uses swap, even when multitasking 10 things at a time. The absolute minimum to make the swap partiton is 256mb.
交换分区的大小取决于你的用途，一般是内存大小的1~3倍。实际上它确实和您的内存价格、电脑速度及你在电脑上干什么有关系。如果您有256M的内存，将交换分区设置为512M就可以了，如果你的电脑需要经常使用到交换分区，那您最好再去买些内存回来。我的内存是1G的，电脑几乎用不到交换分区，甚至在同时进行10个程序的多任务操作的时候也用不到。交换分区的绝对最小值为256M。
What is a filesystem
什么是文件系统
A filesystem is the "method" used to organise data on a disk. It controls the allocation of disk space to files, and associates each file with a filename, directory, permissions, and other information. Ext3 is journalized and allows for easy recovery of lost data. It is the most used and recommend filesystem for Linux and is the one KrazyPenguin is recommending as well.
文件系统其实就是在磁盘上用来组织数据的“方法”。它可以控制磁盘空间分配，为每个文件设立文件名、目录、权限及其他信息。Ext3系统有日志记录，并且恢复丢失数据更加容易，它是目前Linux下面最常用的、受欢迎的文件系统。另外KrazyPenguin也比较受欢迎。
交换分区的大小取决于你的用途，一般是内存大小的1~3倍。实际上它确实和您的内存价格、电脑速度及你在电脑上干什么有关系。如果您有256M的内存，将交换分区设置为512M就可以了，如果你的电脑需要经常使用到交换分区，那您最好再去买些内存回来。我的内存是1G的，电脑几乎用不到交换分区，甚至在同时进行10个程序的多任务操作的时候也用不到。交换分区的绝对最小值为256M。
What is a filesystem
什么是文件系统
A filesystem is the "method" used to organise data on a disk. It controls the allocation of disk space to files, and associates each file with a filename, directory, permissions, and other information. Ext3 is journalized and allows for easy recovery of lost data. It is the most used and recommend filesystem for Linux and is the one KrazyPenguin is recommending as well.
文件系统其实就是在磁盘上用来组织数据的“方法”。它可以控制磁盘空间分配，为每个文件设立文件名、目录、权限及其他信息。Ext3系统有日志记录，并且恢复丢失数据更加容易，它是目前Linux下面最常用的、受欢迎的文件系统。另外KrazyPenguin也比较受欢迎。
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Basic Partition Setup
Number Partition Type Name Size Directory Description
1 Primary ext3 hda1 5GB / Linux 1 - Used for main Linux Distro.
2 Primary ext3 hda2 5GB / Linux 2 - Used for secondary Linux Distro.
3 Primary ext3 hda3 5GB / Linux 3 - Used for testing Linux Distros.
4 Extended N/A hda4 rest none The Extended Partition counts as a mount point but is left unmounted.
5 Logical swap hda5 1GB Linux-Swap Used as a shared swap space partition between the distros.
6 Logical ext3 hda6 rest /home Home is shared by all installed Linux distros.
基本分区设置
编号 分区 类型 名称 大小 目录 描述
1 主 ext3 hda1 5GB / Linux 1 – 给主要Linux发行版.
2 主 ext3 hda2 5GB / Linux 2 – 给第二Linux发行版.
3 主 ext3 hda3 5GB / Linux 3 – 用于测试Linux发行版.
4 扩展 不可用 hda4 剩余 无 扩展分区数做为挂载点，但其本身并不挂载.
5 逻辑 swap hda5 1GB Linux-Swap 做为各发行版之间共享的交换分区.
6 逻辑 ext3 hda6 剩余 /home 所有Linux发行版共用的home目录.
How to manually mount partitions
· Read #How to use this Guide
· Create a mount point if it doesn't already exist:
· In this example the 3rd partition of the first harddrive will be mounted to /media so we need to create a directory:
如何手动挂载分区
阅读《如何使用本指南》
若挂载点不存在，则创建一个
在这个例子中，第一块硬盘的第三分区将会被挂载到/media，所以我们需要先创建一个目录：
sudo mkdir /media/hda3
:: /media could be any directory :: /media already exists by default :: hda3 could be called anything :: a = the harddrive which might be b for the 2nd harddrive and c for the 3rd harddrive :: 3 = the paritition number starting at 1
· Mount the partition using this formula
:: mount -t [fstype] /dev/hdxy /mountpoint
· Which looks like this if using the above example for an ext3 filesystem:
注：/media可以是任何目录，/media缺省已经存在，“hd3”可以任意命名，a=第二块硬盘可能叫做b，第三块硬盘也可能叫做c，3=分区编号从1开始。
用如下格式挂载分区
mount -t [fstype]（文件系统类型） /dev/hdxy /mountpoint（挂载点）
mount -t ext3 /dev/hda3 /media/hda3
· Read #How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting
阅读《如何在不重启的情况下挂载/etc/fstab》
Number Partition Type Name Size Directory Description
1 Primary ext3 hda1 5GB / Linux 1 - Used for main Linux Distro.
2 Primary ext3 hda2 5GB / Linux 2 - Used for secondary Linux Distro.
3 Primary ext3 hda3 5GB / Linux 3 - Used for testing Linux Distros.
4 Extended N/A hda4 rest none The Extended Partition counts as a mount point but is left unmounted.
5 Logical swap hda5 1GB Linux-Swap Used as a shared swap space partition between the distros.
6 Logical ext3 hda6 rest /home Home is shared by all installed Linux distros.
基本分区设置
编号 分区 类型 名称 大小 目录 描述
1 主 ext3 hda1 5GB / Linux 1 – 给主要Linux发行版.
2 主 ext3 hda2 5GB / Linux 2 – 给第二Linux发行版.
3 主 ext3 hda3 5GB / Linux 3 – 用于测试Linux发行版.
4 扩展 不可用 hda4 剩余 无 扩展分区数做为挂载点，但其本身并不挂载.
5 逻辑 swap hda5 1GB Linux-Swap 做为各发行版之间共享的交换分区.
6 逻辑 ext3 hda6 剩余 /home 所有Linux发行版共用的home目录.
How to manually mount partitions
· Read #How to use this Guide
· Create a mount point if it doesn't already exist:
· In this example the 3rd partition of the first harddrive will be mounted to /media so we need to create a directory:
如何手动挂载分区
阅读《如何使用本指南》
若挂载点不存在，则创建一个
在这个例子中，第一块硬盘的第三分区将会被挂载到/media，所以我们需要先创建一个目录：
sudo mkdir /media/hda3
:: /media could be any directory :: /media already exists by default :: hda3 could be called anything :: a = the harddrive which might be b for the 2nd harddrive and c for the 3rd harddrive :: 3 = the paritition number starting at 1
· Mount the partition using this formula
:: mount -t [fstype] /dev/hdxy /mountpoint
· Which looks like this if using the above example for an ext3 filesystem:
注：/media可以是任何目录，/media缺省已经存在，“hd3”可以任意命名，a=第二块硬盘可能叫做b，第三块硬盘也可能叫做c，3=分区编号从1开始。
用如下格式挂载分区
mount -t [fstype]（文件系统类型） /dev/hdxy /mountpoint（挂载点）
mount -t ext3 /dev/hda3 /media/hda3
· Read #How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting
阅读《如何在不重启的情况下挂载/etc/fstab》
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= Grub Bootloader =
Grub引导器
=== What is the Grub Bootloader ===
Grub is a bootloader that comes with Ubuntu (and many other Linux Distros).
什么是Grub引导器
Grub是Ubuntu（及其他许多Linux发行版）自带的引导管理器。
=== How is Grub Installed ===
The Ubuntu installation automatically installs Grub when installing Ubuntu to the harddrive using Espresso. It should be installed into the MBR.
Grub如何安装
当使用Espresso安装Ubuntu到硬盘的时候，Ubuntu安装程序会自动安装Grub。Grub应该安装到MBR。
=== What is the MBR ===
The MBR stands for and is a small program that is executed when a computer boots up.
什么是MBR
MBR意思是Master Boot Record（主启动引导记录），它是一个在计算机启动的时候执行的小程序。
Grub引导器
=== What is the Grub Bootloader ===
Grub is a bootloader that comes with Ubuntu (and many other Linux Distros).
什么是Grub引导器
Grub是Ubuntu（及其他许多Linux发行版）自带的引导管理器。
=== How is Grub Installed ===
The Ubuntu installation automatically installs Grub when installing Ubuntu to the harddrive using Espresso. It should be installed into the MBR.
Grub如何安装
当使用Espresso安装Ubuntu到硬盘的时候，Ubuntu安装程序会自动安装Grub。Grub应该安装到MBR。
=== What is the MBR ===
The MBR stands for and is a small program that is executed when a computer boots up.
什么是MBR
MBR意思是Master Boot Record（主启动引导记录），它是一个在计算机启动的时候执行的小程序。
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=== Will Grub find my other operating systems ===
Grub also detects and sets up other Linux/Ubuntu distributions found on the hard drive. If it fails to set up an operating system correctly, then the Grub can be edited.
Grub能否认出我的其他系统？
Grub会检测并设置硬盘上已经存在的其他Linux/Ubuntu系统。如果对操作系统的设置不正确或设置失败，还可以对Grub进行修改编辑。
=== How to edit the Grub ===
Many times another Linux distribution won't get setup properly in the Grub menu. When this happens we need to edit the Grub menu. If you have another Linux Distro installed on your hard drive, and it is bootable, than the editing can be done from this distro. Otherwise you will need to use a live cd to boot the computer and then edit the Grub menu. Either way, you are doing the same thing.
如何修改Grub
很多时候另一个发行版在Grub菜单内会设置不好。出现这种情况的时候，我们需要修改Grub菜单。如果你在硬盘上安装有其他的Linux发行版并且是可以启动的，那你可以直接用这个发行版启动进行编辑修改。否则你需要用Live CD启动计算机，然后再修改Grub菜单。虽然方法不同，但您做的是同样的事。
=== What file needs to be edited ===
The file that needs to be edited is found here: /boot/grub/menu.lst (that isn't a one but a 'l' as in 'Larry'). To edit from Ubuntu open a terminal and type 'sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst'. This procedure will vary depending on the distribution being used.
要修改何种文件
您可以在这里找到需要修改的文件： /boot/grub/menu.lst (注意那不是“一”，是一个小写的“L”)。如果从Ubuntu中修改，打开一个终端并输入'sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst'。这个操作的执行可能因为发行版的不同而不同。
=== What part of menu.lst needs to be edited ===
When you look at menu.lst you will notice stanzas like in the following example. Sometimes we need to edit a stanza or add a stanza in order to boot another linux distro.
:: Example of a stanza in the menu.lst file
:: title Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.15-15-386
:: root (hd0,1)
:: kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.15-15-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash
:: initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.15-15-386
:: savedefault
:: boot
菜单需要编辑哪个部分
当您查看menu.lst文件的时候，您大概会注意到下面这样的一节内容。为了能启动另一个Linux发行版，我们可能要编辑这样的一节，或者增加这样的一节。
menu.lst文件中一节的示例：
:: title Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.15-15-386
:: root (hd0,1)
:: kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.15-15-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash
:: initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.15-15-386
:: savedefault
:: boot
Grub also detects and sets up other Linux/Ubuntu distributions found on the hard drive. If it fails to set up an operating system correctly, then the Grub can be edited.
Grub能否认出我的其他系统？
Grub会检测并设置硬盘上已经存在的其他Linux/Ubuntu系统。如果对操作系统的设置不正确或设置失败，还可以对Grub进行修改编辑。
=== How to edit the Grub ===
Many times another Linux distribution won't get setup properly in the Grub menu. When this happens we need to edit the Grub menu. If you have another Linux Distro installed on your hard drive, and it is bootable, than the editing can be done from this distro. Otherwise you will need to use a live cd to boot the computer and then edit the Grub menu. Either way, you are doing the same thing.
如何修改Grub
很多时候另一个发行版在Grub菜单内会设置不好。出现这种情况的时候，我们需要修改Grub菜单。如果你在硬盘上安装有其他的Linux发行版并且是可以启动的，那你可以直接用这个发行版启动进行编辑修改。否则你需要用Live CD启动计算机，然后再修改Grub菜单。虽然方法不同，但您做的是同样的事。
=== What file needs to be edited ===
The file that needs to be edited is found here: /boot/grub/menu.lst (that isn't a one but a 'l' as in 'Larry'). To edit from Ubuntu open a terminal and type 'sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst'. This procedure will vary depending on the distribution being used.
要修改何种文件
您可以在这里找到需要修改的文件： /boot/grub/menu.lst (注意那不是“一”，是一个小写的“L”)。如果从Ubuntu中修改，打开一个终端并输入'sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst'。这个操作的执行可能因为发行版的不同而不同。
=== What part of menu.lst needs to be edited ===
When you look at menu.lst you will notice stanzas like in the following example. Sometimes we need to edit a stanza or add a stanza in order to boot another linux distro.
:: Example of a stanza in the menu.lst file
:: title Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.15-15-386
:: root (hd0,1)
:: kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.15-15-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash
:: initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.15-15-386
:: savedefault
:: boot
菜单需要编辑哪个部分
当您查看menu.lst文件的时候，您大概会注意到下面这样的一节内容。为了能启动另一个Linux发行版，我们可能要编辑这样的一节，或者增加这样的一节。
menu.lst文件中一节的示例：
:: title Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.15-15-386
:: root (hd0,1)
:: kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.15-15-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash
:: initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.15-15-386
:: savedefault
:: boot
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How to edit the stanza
title < put anything here that you want >
root (hdx,y) where x=(harddrive-1)and y=(partition of root-1)
kernel < type in the kernel then add 'root=dev/hdax ro quiet splash' where x is the partition number >
initrd < type in the initrd information here - it should match the kernel >
savedefault < just savedefault --- simple eh! >
boot < just boot --- nothing else >
Can a stanza be copied and pasted from another menu.lst file
Definitely!!! If a menu.lst is available from another o/s's root directory that won't boot, it is easier to just copy and paste the stanza(s).
How to reinstall the Grub using the Live CD
Read #How to use this Guide
Boot the computer using the latest Ubuntu Live CD (or any other live cd)
sudo grub A grub> prompt will appear
find /boot/grub/stage1 A list of all Linux grubs that were found will be displayed. Use the one that matches the partition of the grub that is being fixed. Examples: (hd0) , (hd0,2)
Use whatever the computer spits out in the next commands. If it was (hd0,2) then the commands would be:
root (hd0,2)
setup (hd0,2) A bunch of lines appear with "Checking..." and "Running..."
The 2nd last line should read "succeeded" and the last line should read "Done."
quit Restart the system and remove the bootable CD.
如何编辑启动节
title < 标题，在这您随便写什么都行 >
root (hdx,y) < x=(硬盘号-1)and y=(引导分区号-1) >
kernel < 输入kernel，后面增加'root=dev/hdax ro quiet splash'， 其中x表示分区号 >
initrd < 这里输入 initrd 信息 – 注意要和内核相匹配 >
savedefault < 只是 savedefault 就够了 --- 简单吧？ ：） >
boot < 只是 boot --- 没其他内容了 >
能否从另一个 menu.lst 文件中复制启动节
非常聪明！如果另一个非引导操作系统的引导目录中的menu.lst是可用的，那么直接复制粘贴相应的启动节中的内容过来就可以了。
如何使用Live CD重新安装Grub
· Read #How to use this Guide
· 阅读《#如何使用本指南》
· 用最新版本的Ubuntu Live CD（或者任何其他Live CD）启动计算机
sudo grub
· 一个 grub> 提示符将会出现
find /boot/grub/stage1
· A list of all Linux grubs that were found will be displayed. Use the one that matches the partition of the grub that is being fixed. Examples: (hd0) , (hd0,2)
· 系统会将找到的所有的Linux grub列出清单并显示出来。选择与分区相匹配的grub进行修复，例如：(hd0) , (hd0,2)
· 无论电脑跳出什么东西，下一个命令用这个东西照填就是了。如果是(hd0,2)，那么要执行这样的命令：
root (hd0,2)
setup (hd0,2)
· 系统会显示 "Checking..."和 "Running..."这样一些命令行。
· 倒数第二行应该是 "succeeded"，最后一行应该是"Done."。
quit
重新启动系统并将可启动光盘取出。
title < put anything here that you want >
root (hdx,y) where x=(harddrive-1)and y=(partition of root-1)
kernel < type in the kernel then add 'root=dev/hdax ro quiet splash' where x is the partition number >
initrd < type in the initrd information here - it should match the kernel >
savedefault < just savedefault --- simple eh! >
boot < just boot --- nothing else >
Can a stanza be copied and pasted from another menu.lst file
Definitely!!! If a menu.lst is available from another o/s's root directory that won't boot, it is easier to just copy and paste the stanza(s).
How to reinstall the Grub using the Live CD
Read #How to use this Guide
Boot the computer using the latest Ubuntu Live CD (or any other live cd)
sudo grub A grub> prompt will appear
find /boot/grub/stage1 A list of all Linux grubs that were found will be displayed. Use the one that matches the partition of the grub that is being fixed. Examples: (hd0) , (hd0,2)
Use whatever the computer spits out in the next commands. If it was (hd0,2) then the commands would be:
root (hd0,2)
setup (hd0,2) A bunch of lines appear with "Checking..." and "Running..."
The 2nd last line should read "succeeded" and the last line should read "Done."
quit Restart the system and remove the bootable CD.
如何编辑启动节
title < 标题，在这您随便写什么都行 >
root (hdx,y) < x=(硬盘号-1)and y=(引导分区号-1) >
kernel < 输入kernel，后面增加'root=dev/hdax ro quiet splash'， 其中x表示分区号 >
initrd < 这里输入 initrd 信息 – 注意要和内核相匹配 >
savedefault < 只是 savedefault 就够了 --- 简单吧？ ：） >
boot < 只是 boot --- 没其他内容了 >
能否从另一个 menu.lst 文件中复制启动节
非常聪明！如果另一个非引导操作系统的引导目录中的menu.lst是可用的，那么直接复制粘贴相应的启动节中的内容过来就可以了。
如何使用Live CD重新安装Grub
· Read #How to use this Guide
· 阅读《#如何使用本指南》
· 用最新版本的Ubuntu Live CD（或者任何其他Live CD）启动计算机
sudo grub
· 一个 grub> 提示符将会出现
find /boot/grub/stage1
· A list of all Linux grubs that were found will be displayed. Use the one that matches the partition of the grub that is being fixed. Examples: (hd0) , (hd0,2)
· 系统会将找到的所有的Linux grub列出清单并显示出来。选择与分区相匹配的grub进行修复，例如：(hd0) , (hd0,2)
· 无论电脑跳出什么东西，下一个命令用这个东西照填就是了。如果是(hd0,2)，那么要执行这样的命令：
root (hd0,2)
setup (hd0,2)
· 系统会显示 "Checking..."和 "Running..."这样一些命令行。
· 倒数第二行应该是 "succeeded"，最后一行应该是"Done."。
quit
重新启动系统并将可启动光盘取出。
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Getting Started With Ubuntu
What is Ubuntu
http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu
Where to view Ubuntu screenshots
http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/slide ... creenshots
Where to find a list of all the programs/libraries that comes with Ubuntu
Result of dpkg -l: Here
http://packages.ubuntu.com/dapper
http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=ubuntu
Where to download the latest version of Ubuntu
http://www.ubuntulinux.org/download
Where to order Ubuntu CDs for absolutely FREE
http://shipit.ubuntu.com
Where to find help for Ubuntu
See: System -> Help -> System Documentation
Official Documentation website
Official User Documentation (wiki)
Ubuntu Document Storage Facility
Mailing Lists
Web Forums
IRC Channel
Where to look for new programs
http://gnomefiles.org/
http://www.kde-apps.org/
http://freshmeat.net
http://sourceforge.net/
Where to look for style elements for your desktop
http://gnome-look.org/
http://art.gnome.org/
开始Ubuntu之旅
什么是Ubuntu
· http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu
查看Ubuntu的屏幕截图
· http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/slide ... creenshots
与Ubuntu有关的程序和库的清单
· dpkg –l 的结果: Here
· http://packages.ubuntu.com/dapper
· http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=ubuntu
下载最新版本的Ubuntu
· http://www.ubuntulinux.org/download
获取完全免费派送的Ubuntu光盘
· http://shipit.ubuntu.com
寻求帮助
· 在菜单中按序查找: 系统 -> 帮助 -> 系统文档
· 官方文档站
· Official User Documentation (wiki) 官方用户文档（wiki）
· Ubuntu Document Storage Facility Ubuntu文档库工具
· Mailing Lists 邮件列表
· Web Forums 论坛
· IRC Channel IRC频道
寻找新程序
· http://gnomefiles.org/
· http://www.kde-apps.org/
· http://freshmeat.net
· http://sourceforge.net/
为桌面寻找风格组件
· http://gnome-look.org/
· http://art.gnome.org/
What is Ubuntu
http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu
Where to view Ubuntu screenshots
http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/slide ... creenshots
Where to find a list of all the programs/libraries that comes with Ubuntu
Result of dpkg -l: Here
http://packages.ubuntu.com/dapper
http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=ubuntu
Where to download the latest version of Ubuntu
http://www.ubuntulinux.org/download
Where to order Ubuntu CDs for absolutely FREE
http://shipit.ubuntu.com
Where to find help for Ubuntu
See: System -> Help -> System Documentation
Official Documentation website
Official User Documentation (wiki)
Ubuntu Document Storage Facility
Mailing Lists
Web Forums
IRC Channel
Where to look for new programs
http://gnomefiles.org/
http://www.kde-apps.org/
http://freshmeat.net
http://sourceforge.net/
Where to look for style elements for your desktop
http://gnome-look.org/
http://art.gnome.org/
开始Ubuntu之旅
什么是Ubuntu
· http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu
查看Ubuntu的屏幕截图
· http://shots.osdir.com/slideshows/slide ... creenshots
与Ubuntu有关的程序和库的清单
· dpkg –l 的结果: Here
· http://packages.ubuntu.com/dapper
· http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=ubuntu
下载最新版本的Ubuntu
· http://www.ubuntulinux.org/download
获取完全免费派送的Ubuntu光盘
· http://shipit.ubuntu.com
寻求帮助
· 在菜单中按序查找: 系统 -> 帮助 -> 系统文档
· 官方文档站
· Official User Documentation (wiki) 官方用户文档（wiki）
· Ubuntu Document Storage Facility Ubuntu文档库工具
· Mailing Lists 邮件列表
· Web Forums 论坛
· IRC Channel IRC频道
寻找新程序
· http://gnomefiles.org/
· http://www.kde-apps.org/
· http://freshmeat.net
· http://sourceforge.net/
为桌面寻找风格组件
· http://gnome-look.org/
· http://art.gnome.org/
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Repositories
软件仓库
What is the orginal repository file from a fresh install
新安装好的原始软件仓库
This is the orginal repository file from a fresh install located at /etc/apt/sources.list
您可以打开/etc/apt/sources.list 查看刚安装好的系统中的原始软件仓库文件
deb dapper main restricted
deb-src dapper main restricted
## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.（主要BUG补丁及升级在最终发行后制作）
deb dapper-updates main restricted
deb-src dapper-updates main restricted
## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'universe'
## repository.（将如下两行注释去掉之后就可以从'universe'中添加软件）
## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
## universe WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu security
## team.（Ubuntu开发组完全不支持这个仓库中的N.B.类型软件，而且这些软件可能是非自由许可的，请自行斟酌使用。并且应注意Ubuntu安全组不会对这个仓库内的软件进行检验或者更新。）
# deb dapper universe
# deb-src dapper universe
## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'backports'
## repository.（将如下两行注释去掉之后就可以从backports'中添加软件）
## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.（本仓库中的N.B.类型软件虽然包含了一些比较实用的应用软件，但这些软件可能没在主要发行版中进行过广泛性地测试。并且应注意Ubuntu安全组不会对这个仓库内的软件进行检验或者更新。）
# deb dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb dapper-security main restricted
deb-src dapper-security main restricted
# deb dapper-security universe
# deb-src dapper-security universe
How to add extra repositories
如何添加额外软件仓库
Read #How to use this Guide
阅读＃如何使用本指南
You can also add extra repositories using the Synaptic Package Manager. New users may find it more user-friendly to add extra repositories through the Package Manager. If you follow the link above, you do not have follow the rest of this tip.
您也可以使用 Synaptic Package Manager （联合软件包管理器）来添加额外软件仓库。新用户可能会发现使用包管理器添加额外软件仓库更容易操作。如果您使用上面的链接，那这一节下面的内容不一定要继续。
软件仓库
What is the orginal repository file from a fresh install
新安装好的原始软件仓库
This is the orginal repository file from a fresh install located at /etc/apt/sources.list
您可以打开/etc/apt/sources.list 查看刚安装好的系统中的原始软件仓库文件
deb dapper main restricted
deb-src dapper main restricted
## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.（主要BUG补丁及升级在最终发行后制作）
deb dapper-updates main restricted
deb-src dapper-updates main restricted
## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'universe'
## repository.（将如下两行注释去掉之后就可以从'universe'中添加软件）
## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
## universe WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu security
## team.（Ubuntu开发组完全不支持这个仓库中的N.B.类型软件，而且这些软件可能是非自由许可的，请自行斟酌使用。并且应注意Ubuntu安全组不会对这个仓库内的软件进行检验或者更新。）
# deb dapper universe
# deb-src dapper universe
## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'backports'
## repository.（将如下两行注释去掉之后就可以从backports'中添加软件）
## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.（本仓库中的N.B.类型软件虽然包含了一些比较实用的应用软件，但这些软件可能没在主要发行版中进行过广泛性地测试。并且应注意Ubuntu安全组不会对这个仓库内的软件进行检验或者更新。）
# deb dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb dapper-security main restricted
deb-src dapper-security main restricted
# deb dapper-security universe
# deb-src dapper-security universe
How to add extra repositories
如何添加额外软件仓库
Read #How to use this Guide
阅读＃如何使用本指南
You can also add extra repositories using the Synaptic Package Manager. New users may find it more user-friendly to add extra repositories through the Package Manager. If you follow the link above, you do not have follow the rest of this tip.
您也可以使用 Synaptic Package Manager （联合软件包管理器）来添加额外软件仓库。新用户可能会发现使用包管理器添加额外软件仓库更容易操作。如果您使用上面的链接，那这一节下面的内容不一定要继续。
Linux恒久远，Fedora(?)永流传？