fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 232.9 GiB, 250059350016 bytes, 488397168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x197fb8ed

Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 206847 204800 100M 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda2 206848 141195263 140988416 67.2G 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda3 141195346 467910655 326715310 155.8G f W95 Ext'd (LBA)
/dev/sda4 470011904 488392703 18380800 8.8G 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda5 141195348 188153279 46957932 22.4G 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda6 188201538 262919789 74718252 35.6G 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda7 262920192 267016191 4096000 2G 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda8 385992704 455940095 69947392 33.4G 83 Linux
/dev/sda9 455954432 467910655 11956224 5.7G 83 Linux
/dev/sda10 267018240 385978367 118960128 56.7G 83 Linux

fsck -y /dev/sda1
fsck from util-linux 2.25.2
fsck -y /dev/sda2
fsck from util-linux 2.25.2
fsck -y /dev/sda5
fsck from util-linux 2.25.2
fsck -y /dev/sda6
fsck from util-linux 2.25.2
fsck -y /dev/sda7
fsck from util-linux 2.25.2
fsck -y /dev/sda8
fsck from util-linux 2.25.2
e2fsck 1.42.12 (29-Aug-2014)
/dev/sda8: clean, 144749/2187264 files, 1028435/8743424 blocks
fsck -y /dev/sda9
fsck from util-linux 2.25.2
e2fsck 1.42.12 (29-Aug-2014)

fsck -y /dev/sda10
fsck from util-linux 2.25.2
e2fsck 1.42.12 (29-Aug-2014)
/dev/sda10 is mounted.
e2fsck: Cannot continue, aborting.

sda10被mount了，无法进行fsck检查，我
umount /dev/sda10
umount: /: target is busy
(In some cases useful info about processes that
use the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1).)

请问，如何对这个sda10进行文件系统检查？

sudo umount /dev/sda10

sudo fsck -y /dev/sda10

我就是在root下，使用umount /dev/sda10
等同于 sudo umount /dev/sda10

看提示你之所以umount失败，是因为它正在被某进程或程序访问吧。

1. 謝謝提醒
1-1. 看看 有沒有正掛載中
df /dev/sda10

2. 試試
sudo umount -f /dev/sda10
強制卸載
2-1. 你的 Ubuntu 根目錄 掛載在哪個分割區 ?
當你開機啟動 Ubuntu 時
這個分割區是無法卸載的 也無法強制卸載
2-2. 登入 試用桌面 就可以卸載