首先感谢各位，问题如下
hcty@hcty-desktop:~$ sudo apt-get install libboost-all-dev
正在读取软件包列表... 完成
正在分析软件包的依赖关系树
正在读取状态信息... 完成
有一些软件包无法被安装。如果您用的是 unstable 发行版，这也许是
因为系统无法达到您要求的状态造成的。该版本中可能会有一些您需要的软件
包尚未被创建或是它们已被从新到(Incoming)目录移出。
下列信息可能会对解决问题有所帮助：

下列软件包有未满足的依赖关系：
libboost-all-dev : 依赖: libboost-tools-dev
依赖: libboost-date-time-dev 但是它将不会被安装
依赖: libboost-filesystem-dev 但是它将不会被安装
依赖: libboost-log-dev 但是它将不会被安装
依赖: libboost-mpi-dev 但是它将不会被安装
依赖: libboost-mpi-python-dev 但是它将不会被安装
依赖: libboost-system-dev 但是它将不会被安装
依赖: libboost-thread-dev 但是它将不会被安装
依赖: libboost-wave-dev 但是它将不会被安装
E: 无法修正错误，因为您要求某些软件包保持现状，就是它们破坏了软件包间的依赖关系。

hcty@hcty-desktop:~$ cat /etc/issue
Ubuntu 14.04.5 LTS \n \l

hcty@hcty-desktop:~$ cat /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse

hcty@hcty-desktop:~$ cat /etc/apt/sources.list.d/*
cat: /etc/apt/sources.list.d/*: 没有那个文件或目录
hcty@hcty-desktop:~$ dpkg -l | grep libboost
ii libboost-date-time1.54.0:amd64 1.54.0-4ubuntu3.1 amd64 set of date-time libraries based on generic programming concepts
ii libboost-dev 1.54.0.1ubuntu1 amd64 Boost C++ Libraries development files (default version)
ii libboost-system1.54.0:amd64 1.54.0-4ubuntu3.1 amd64 Operating system (e.g. diagnostics support) library
ii libboost1.54-dbg:amd64 1.54.0-4ubuntu3 amd64 Boost C++ Libraries with debug symbols
ii libboost1.54-dev 1.54.0-4ubuntu3 amd64 Boost C++ Libraries development files
ii libboost1.54-doc 1.54.0-4ubuntu3 all Boost.org libraries documentation
ii libboost1.55-tools-dev 1.55.0-1 amd64 Boost C++ Libraries development tools

看样子是和你已安装的 libboost1.55-tools-dev 有冲突，先把libboost1.55-tools-dev给删了再装
另外163的源早就废了，你可以把它删掉，免得以后出问题

libboost-all-dev 依赖 libboost-tools-dev 依赖 libboost1.54-tools-dev
libboost1.55-tools-dev 冲突 libboost1.54-tools-dev

执行以下指令将结果全部复制贴上来

155是后面手动安装的。我重新装了14.04之后，用163的源，就没有出现上面的问题，猜测是不是因为阿里的源比较新造成的

抱歉，我重新安装了14.04.这次全部使用的是163的源，boost库报错的问题就没有再次出现了。感谢！